Hyperuricemia and Disease

By Carol Eustice  Reviewed by Grant Hughes, MD

Updated September 17, 2018

When we urinate, our bodies eliminate liquid waste consisting of water and salt as well as the chemicals urea and uric acid. Most uric acid is produced naturally in the body; the rest is converted from substances in certain foods, called purines. If uric acid levels are too high, they can cause a condition known as hyperuricemia, a risk factor for both gout and kidney disease.

Serum Urate Levels

Most uric acid dissolves in the blood, then travels to the kidneys to be excreted in urine. Normally, people maintain a stable serum urate level between 4 and 6.8 mg/dl, as well as a total body uric acid count of 1000 mg. If you produce too much uric acid or are unable to eliminate enough of it, you may have elevated serum urate levels, which can lead to hyperuricemia.

A blood test is one way to check your uric acid level; it can also be checked using a urine sample. Ideally, your serum uric acid level should be 6.0 mg/dl or lower. A uric acid level of 6.8 mg/dl or higher indicates hyperuricemia.

Causes and Risk Factors

Aging, being male, and being African-American or of Pacific Islander descent put you at higher risk of developing hyperuricemia. Other risk factors include:

• Renal insufficiency
• Metabolic syndrome—a disorder that involves obesity, abnormal blood pressure, dysglycemia (blood sugar disorders), dyslipidemia (lipid disorders)
• A diet that is high in purines, protein, alcohol, and carbohydrates
• Medications, including thiazides, loop diuretics, and low-dose aspirin
• Niacin
• Acidosis
• Chemotherapy
• Diabetes
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Psoriasis
• Lead poisoning
• Polycythemia vera
• Toxemia related to pregnancy
• Tumor lysis syndrome
• Genetic predisposition

• Symptoms and Complications

  While hyperuricemia itself is not a disease—and in some cases causes no symptoms or problems—a prolonged state of this condition may lead to the development of crystals, which can be problematic.
• The two most common conditions that can result from high uric acid levels are gout and kidney disease. With gout, uric acid crystals build up in the joints, promoting inflammation and the breakdown of joint cartilage. Symptoms include pain, swelling, redness, stiffness, deformity, inflammation, and limited range of motion.
• Uric acid crystals can also be deposited in the kidneys, causing kidney stones to form. These stones can be very painful and, if left untreated, can block the urinary tract and cause infections. Research has shown that one in five people with gout will develop kidney stones. Symptoms of kidney stones include:
  • Pain or aching in your lower back, side, abdomen, or groin
  • Nausea
  • Increased urge to urinate
  • Pain when urinating
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Blood in your urine
  • Foul-smelling urine

  
  

  • Kidney stones can also cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) because they harbor bacteria. The symptoms of a UTI can include any or all of the above; a fever or chills can also be present.
    Over time, kidney stones and other forms of kidney damage can lead to chronic kidney disease, which makes it more difficult to get rid of uric acid. Untreated kidney disease can ultimately lead to kidney failure or loss of kidney function.

  Treatment

  If you're not having symptoms, you don't necessarily require treatment for hyperuricemia. When symptoms are present, a diet low in purines can help regulate uric acid levels. If that is not effective, your doctor may prescribe a medication to control your levels.

  Foods that are high in purines include:

  • Organ meats, meat extracts, and gravy
  • Sardines, anchovies, shellfish, and tuna
  • Beer and other alcoholic beverages
  • Sugary foods and beverages (such as soda) that contain high-fructose corn syrup

  Foods that are low in purines include:

  • Milk and milk products
  • Eggs
  • Lettuce, tomatoes, and green vegetables
  • Cream soups without meat stock
  • Peanut butter and nuts
  • Citrus fruits

  It's also important to drink at least 8 ounces of water a day to help the kidneys flush out uric acid. Some studies suggest that drinking coffee on a regular basis can prevent the development of gout.

  When dietary changes do not sufficiently control hyperuricemia, your doctor may prescribe medications to keep uric acid levels under control. These include:

  • Benemid (probenecid): Known as a uricosuric medication, this drug blocks the reabsorption of urate to prevent crystals from depositing.
  • Zyloprin (allopurinol), Uloric (febuxostat): These xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs) reduce the body’s production of uric acid.
  • Zurampic (lenisurad) is prescribed with an XOI to increase its effects.
  • Krystexxa (pegloticase): Pegloticase is given by intravenous infusion. It changes uric acid into a substance called allantoin that your body can eliminate easily. It is reserved for people for whom other gout medications have not worked.

  A Word From Verywell

  It is important to know your uric acid level, just as it is important to know your cholesterol or blood glucose levels. Talk to your doctor if you are experiencing sore joints or frequent urinary tract infections. If you've had attacks of gout, you should have your uric acid levels tested every six months to ensure that they remain under 6.0 mg/dl.
• 
  

Asam urat

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

Asam urat (bahasa Inggris: uric acid, urate) adalah senyawa turunan purinadengan rumus kimia C₅H₄N₄O₃ dan rasio plasma antara 3,6 mg/dL (~214µmol/L) dan 8,3 mg/dL (~494µmol/L) (1 mg/dL = 59,48 µmol/L)^[2].

Kelebihan (hiperurisemia, hyperuricemia) atau kekurangan (hipourisemia, hypouricemia) kadar asam urat dalam plasma darah ini sering menjadi indikasi adanya penyakit atau gangguan pada tubuh manusia.

Pada manusia, asam urat adalah produk terakhir lintasan katabolismenukleotida purina, sebab tiadanya enzim urikase yang mengkonversi asam urat menjadi alantoin. Kadar asam urat yang berlebih dapat menimbulkan batu ginjal dan/atau pirai di persendian.^[3]

Penyakit asam urat[sunting | sunting sumber]

Penyakit asam urat merupakan akibat dari konsumsi zat purin secara berlebihan. Purin diolah tubuh menjadi asam urat, tetapi jika kadar asam urat berlebih, ginjal tidak mampu mengeluarkan sehingga kristal asam urat menumpuk di persendian. Akibatnya sendi terasa nyeri, bengkak dan meradang.

Asam urat adalah penyakit dari sisa metabolisme zat purin yang berasal dari sisa makanan yang kita konsumsi. Purin sendiri adalah zat yang terdapat dalam setiap bahan makanan yang berasal dari tubuh makhluk hidup. Dengan kata lain, dalam tubuh makhluk hidup terdapat zat purin ini, lalu karena kita memakan makhluk hidup tersebut, maka zat purin tersebut berpindah ke dalam tubuh kita. Berbagai sayuran dan buah-buahan juga terdapat purin. Purin juga dihasilkan dari hasil perusakan sel-sel tubuh yang terjadi secara normal atau karena penyakit tertentu. Biasanya asam urat menyerang pada usia lanjut, karena penumpukan bahan purin ini.

Pantangan penderita asam urat[sunting | sunting sumber]

• Jeroan: otak, paru-paru, hati, limpa, usus, ginjal dan babat.
• Seafood (Makanan laut): udang, kepiting, cumi-cumi, gurita, kerang, sotong, remis, tiram, ikan teri, ikan sarden.
• Riverfood (Makanan sungai): ikan lele, belut, udang, kepiting dan keong.
• Ekstrak daging seperti abon dan dendeng.
• Makanan yang sudah dikalengkan (contoh: kornet sapi, ikan sarden, daging sapi dan daging babi).
• Daging kambing, daging anjing, daging babi, daging sapi, daging kerbau dan daging kuda.
• Bebek, angsa dan kalkun.
• Burung dan kelelawar.
• Kacang-kacangan: kacang kedelai (termasuk hasil olahan seperti tempe, tahu, tauco, oncom, susu kedelai), kacang tanah, kacang hijau, tauge dan emping/melinjo.
• Sayuran: kembang kol, bayam, asparagus, buncis, jamur kuping, daun singkong/ubi, daun pepaya, kangkung dan cabe/lombok.
• Krim, es krim dan kaldu atau kuah daging yang kental.
• Buah-buahan tertentu seperti durian, nanas dan air kelapa.
• Makanan yang digoreng atau bersantan atau dimasak dengan menggunakan margarin/mentega.
• Makanan kaya protein, lemak dan darah.

Tips tambahan bagi penderita asam urat[sunting | sunting sumber]

• Konsumsi makanan yang mengandung potasium tinggi seperti tomat, kentang, yogurt dan pisang.
• Konsumsi buah yang banyak mengandung vitamin C, seperti jeruk, pepaya dan stroberi.
• Contoh buah dan sayuran untuk mengobati penyakit asam urat: buah naga, belimbing wuluh, jahe, labu kuning, sawi hijau, sawi putih, serai dan tomat.
• Perbanyak konsumsi karbohidrat kompleks seperti nasi, singkong/ubi dan roti.
• Kurangi konsumsi karbohidrat sederhana jenis fruktosa seperti gula, permen, arum manis, gulali dan sirup.
• Jangan minum aspirin.
• Jangan bekerja terlalu keras/kelelahan.
• Pada orang yang kegemukan (obesitas), biasanya kadar asam urat cepat naik tetapi pengeluaran sedikit, maka sebaiknya turunkan berat badan dengan olahraga yang cukup.
• Sesuaikan asupan energi dengan kebutuhan tubuh, berdasarkan tinggi dan berat badan.

Untuk menyembuhkan penyakit ini ada beberapa hal yang harus dilakukan, diantaranya :

• Menghindari makanan yang dapat meningkatkan asam urat, seperti jeroan (hati, ginjal, limpa, babat, usus, paru dan otak), hindari makanan laut (udang, kerang, cumi, kepiting); makanan kaleng (kornet, ikan sarden dan ekstrak daging), kaldu atau kuah daging yang kental.

• Menghindari makanan seperti emping/melinjo, kangkung dan bayam, daun singkong/ubi, daun jambu mete, asparagus, buncis dan kembang kol. Hindari kacang-kacangan (kacang tanah, kacang hijau, kacang kedelai, tempe, tauco, tauge, oncom) dan susu kedelai.
• Menghindari makan buah durian, avokad, nanas, air kelapa.
• Makanan yang aman dimakan, beberapa di antaranya adalah: nasi, ikan yang bersirip dan bersisik, daging ayam, telur, keju, susu dan beberapa buah-buahan.
• Hindari minuman dan makanan beralkohol.
• Pada orang gemuk, asam urat biasanya naik sedangkan pengeluarannya sedikit, maka untuk keamanan, orang biasanya dianjurkan menurunkan berat badan.
• Banyak minum air putih minimal 8 - 10 gelas per hari, karena dengan banyak minum air putih, kita dapat membantu membuang purin yang ada dalam tubuh.

Faktor Risiko[sunting | sunting sumber]

Beberapa faktor risiko yang dapat menyebabkan seseorang memiliki kadar asam urat yang tinggi dalam tubuh adalah:

• Gaya Hidup. Konsumsi makanan yang mengandung purin yang tinggi, konsumsi alkohol, dapat meningkatkan kadar asam urat dalam darah.
• Kondisi Medis. Kondisi medis seperti tekanan darah tinggi, diabetes, hiperkolesterolemia, sering dikaitkan dengan kasus asam urat.
• Obat-obatan. Pemakaian obat seperti diuretik, aspirin harus diperhatikan dan dikonsultasikan ke dokter karena dapat meningkatkan kadar asam urat.
• Genetik. Beberapa orang yang memiliki riwayat keluarga dengan sejarah asam urat juga merupakan salah satu faktor risiko.
• Usia dan Jenis Kelamin. Pria memiliki risiko lebih besar untuk terkena gangguan radang karena asam urat, tetapi wanita yang telah memasuki masa menopause juga memiliki risiko yang sama besarnya dengan pria.

Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]

• Asam askorbat

pengalaman penulis mengobati asam urat tanpa obat kimia : penulis pernah mengalami gejala asam urat pada tumit kaki kanan sebelah dalam. terasa agak panas
dan sakit ketika ditekan (ada benjolan kecil memerah), pada saat diam/tidak bergerak terasa sakit berdenyut. kemudian penulis mengkonsumsi
daun salam. segenggam daun salam dicampur 1 bungkus nutrisari, diblender, dan diminum tiap pagi/sore. 
nutrisari bisa diganti buah, misal apukat/buah naga/mangga, dll.
setelah 3 hari rasa sakit berkurang dan benjolan tidak memerah. 
setelah asam urat sembuh, tetap mengkonsumsi daun salam tiap 2 ato 3 hari sekali, jaga pola makan dan pola pikir.

Alzheimer's: Study zeroes in on brain's weakest link

Published Thursday 20 December 2018

By Maria Cohut

Fact checked by Gianna D'Emilio

Alzheimer's disease is a form of neurocognitive decline that affects millions across the world. The exact cause is unclear, but new research is uncovering the mechanisms that allow Alzheimer's to become established in the brain.

In Alzheimer's disease, as in other forms of dementia, a defining feature is the accumulation of certain toxic proteins in the brain.

More often than not, researchers identify the protein beta-amyloid as the main culprit in this disruptive process.

However, another protein, called tau, is just as important.

In a new study, researchers from a series of academic institutions, including the Ohio State University in Columbus, Columbia University Medical Center in New York, NY, and Cambridge University in the United Kingdom, have found that tau accumulates preferentially around a specific type of brain cell.

The investigators also revealed that certain genetic profiles may predispose a person to tau aggregations around those cells.

Co-lead author of the study Hongjun (Harry) Fu — now an assistant professor in the Department of Neuroscience at Ohio State University — and colleagues report their findings in a paper recently published in Nature Neuroscience.

The most vulnerable brain cells

The brain contains different types of cells. The two most important are neurons, which communicate information and play a key role in cognitive function, and glial cells, which have several roles, including supporting and protecting neurons and the connections between them.

Neurons fall into two types: excitatory, which trigger electrical impulses, and inhibitory, which balance out the activity of excitatory neurons.

Studying the phenomenon of tau protein accumulation in a mouse model, as well as in the brains of people who have received Alzheimer's diagnoses, Fu and colleagues found that excitatory neurons were those most exposed to the disruptive effect of this protein.

"The accumulation of misfolded tau aggregates is a defining feature of Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration linked to tau," the researchers write, adding, "Several types of neurons have been reported to be particularly vulnerable in [Alzheimer's disease], Down's syndrome, and [frontotemporal lobar degeneration]."

"The distribution of neurons vulnerable to tauopathy follows a sequential pattern that suggests that cell populations in different regions of the brain are selectively at risk. More specifically, the morphology and location of cells within the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus that accumulate tau [...] suggest that excitatory neurons are preferentially impacted."

Following this finding, the researchers compiled genetic analyses based on the data of people who did not have either Alzheimer's disease or any other neurological issues.

The investigators noticed some important genetic differences between the excitatory and inhibitory neurons, which, they believe, could explain why the former are more exposed to tau aggregation.

Could genes explain the phenomenon?

Specifically, the researchers found that one gene, BAG3, which regulates the clearance of tau protein in the brain, may provide the key to excitatory neurons' susceptibility to toxic plaque formation.

BAG3 expression, the team explains, was much higher in neuronal cells than in non-neuronal cells. Among neurons, the expression was highest in the inhibitory type, suggesting that this could explain their reduced vulnerability to tau aggregates.

"We think there's a really early, intrinsic difference in the brain cells that are prone to the accumulation of tau protein, which may explain why only certain neurons and brain regions are vulnerable to this problem in early Alzheimer's," says Fu.

"If we can figure out the molecular determinants underlying vulnerability to this disease, it will help us better understand the development of Alzheimer's disease and potentially could lead to techniques for early detection and targeted treatment," he adds.

In the future, the researchers aim to focus on how interactions between certain genes could influence Alzheimer's-specific mechanisms and enhance brain cells' vulnerability to toxic plaques.

The investigators note that brain cells other than neurons also likely play an important role in the progression of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's.

"Other brain cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, have also been found to play important roles in the development of Alzheimer's disease," Fu notes, adding, "We are very interested to understand how those cells communicate with each other and affect the vulnerability of certain neurons."

The researcher explains, "Environmental factors, brain injury, diabetes, sleep deprivation, depression, and other outside factors also have been linked to increased vulnerability to Alzheimer's," continuing, "We want to understand how intrinsic differences interact with these outside influences."

Folic Acid Functions in the Body

Folic Acid Functions in the Body

Folic acid is considered an essential nutrient because it cannot be made by the human body. It is required by the body for essential processes. Folic acid helps the body to create and maintain DNA and RNA, which is the building blocks of all life. We require folic acid to properly form red blood cells and for our bodies to metabolize protein for energy. Folic acid and other B vitamins have been shown to fight cardiovascular disease and to help prevent Alzheimer’s, osteoporosis, cancer and it helps to stabilize mental health.

Folic acid along with other B vitamins is an important part of the DNA and RNA replication process. Every now and then there can be a mistake in the replecation of a DNA strand, which can lead to a mutation such as cancer. Folic acid and the other B vitamins work to catch those mistakes and even prevent them so that you have healthy cells from the very beginning. In fact this is part of why folic acid is so important to take just before and during pregnancy to help prevent birth defects such as Spina Bifida, cleft palate, cleft lip, and other neural tube defects.

If our red blood cells don’t form properly we can develop a condition known as anemia. Anemia is caused by a number of illnesses and while folic acid won’t cure a potentially serious condition your doctor may prescribe folic acid for the symptom of anemia which it can fix.

When our bodies breakdown methionine one of the compounds released is homocysteine. Homocysteine is a potentially harmful compound because it is unstable and is linked to cardiovascular conditions, Alzheimers and cancer. Normally folic acid and the other B vitamins are present during this breakdown process to convert homocysteine into cysteine, which is good. If there isn’t enough of the vitamins to go around then a build up of homocysteine in the blood could result. 

So far its been found that homocysteine is toxic to the lining of blood vessels, which can lead to a hardening of the arteries called arteriosclerosis. Folic acid is the vitamin that is primarily involved in lowering levels of homocysteine in the blood, but the other B vitamins have been shown to have some effect. 

Osteoporosis is a chronic bone degenerative condition that affects women and can start as early as thirty years of age. Evidence has shown that homocysteine is involved in the process and it’s believed that this may be due to a lack of blood flow to the bones. As bones need blood to provide them with oxygen and nutrients to properly grow and maintain themselves. Folic acid is essential in making sure that homocysteine doesn’t reach high levels and end up damaging your blood vessels. Plus it helps with DNA and RNA replication and the maintence of cells membranes.

The recommended daily intake of folic acid is four hundred mcg. and if you are pregnant, could become pregnant or lactating you should take between six hundred and eight hundred mcg. daily.

Visit http://www.stanleybeautycare.com

Author Vincent Platania represents the Stanley Beauty Products. Stanley Home Products has been in business since 1936, and offers high quality home and personal care products to keep your home and your body clean. Visit http://www.stanleybeautycare.com

Vincent Platania

KAPSUL GURAH PELARUT NIKOTIN DAN POLUSI UDARA

KAPSUL GURAH PELARUT NIKOTIN DAN POLUSI UDARA

ASIFA*

Manusia modern dengan segala produksinya telah memicu penurunan kualitas udara yang jauh dari standar kesehatan, baik itu dari pabrik, asap kendaraan dan polusi udara lainnya. Belum lagi asap yang diproduksi manusia secara langsung yaitu rokok yang mengandung nikotin yang sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Belum lagi perokok pasif yang menurut penelitian lebih banyak menghisap racunnya dibanding perokoknya secara langsung. Racun-racun dari nikotin dan polusi udara tersebut bagaimanapun sadar atau tidak telah menumpuk bertahun-tahun bahkan mengerak dalam saluran pernafasan kita yang akhirnya dapat mengganggu bahkan merusak paru-paru, peredaran darah, dan organ tubuh lainnya, yang mengakibatkan muncul penyakit seperti kanker paru-paru, impoten, sesak nafas, TBC, kolesterol, dan penyakit lainnya.

Modern humans with all his productions has supported decreasing air of health standard, that`s from factories, vehicle smoke, and other air pollution. More over smoke is produced directly namely cigarette which contains nicotine and also very dangerous to our health. More over passive smoker who has in haled many poisons than smoker who smokes cigarette directly. Poisons from nicotine and air pollution realized or not have accumulated every year even become encrusted in our respiratory tract, finnaly can disturb even destroy lungs, circulation of blood and other organs causing as like lung tumor, impotence, short winded, TBC, cholesterol, and other disease.

Cara kerja kapsul gurah :

Ramuan kapsul terdiri dari tumbuhan yang berkhasiat obat yang berfungsi sebagai pelarut racun-racun dari nikotin dan polusi udara (kendaraan, pabrik-pabrik, dan polusi udara lainnya). Ramuan tersebut akan melarutkan racun-racun tersebut ke dalam saluran pembuangan baik lewat keringat, urin, dan buang air besar. Sehingga tubuh terhindar dari penyakit seperti kanker pernafasan, impoten, sesak nafas, dan penyakit lainnya.

Procedure of gurah capsule :

Ingredient capsule is consist of plants which has rentroretiye power of medicine as solvent poison from nicotine and air pollution (smoke from vehicles, factories or other air pollution). This ingredient/herd will dissolve poisons into sewage system through sweat, urine, and defecate. So our body escaped such as respiration cancer, impotence, short winded, heart interfence, and other disease.

Khasiat dan kegunaan :

1.      Melarutkan nikotin rokok bagi perokok aktif dan pasif

2.      Membantu melarutkan racun-racun dari polusi udara kendaraan dan pabrik

3.      Mengobati paru-paru basah dan flek

4.      Mengobati sesak dan batuk karena rokok

5.      Mengobati batuk menahun dan TBC

6.      Menjaga kesehatan paru-paru dan saluran pernafasan lainnya

Peculiar property and benefit :

1.      Reduce cigarette nicotine to activate and passive smoker

2.      To help dissolving toxic from air pollution of vehicle and factories smoke

3.      Treat pleuristy and spot

4.      Treat short winded and cough because of cigarette

5.      Treat chronc cough and TBC

6.      Keep health lungs and other sewage system

Aturan pakai :

3 kali sehari 2 kapsul sekali minum

Anak dibawah 12 rahun 3 kali sehari 1 kapsul

Untuk pencegahan dianjurkan minum satu kotak per bulan agar tidak mengerak

Untuk pengobatan minimal 3 kotak diminum secara teratur terus menerus

Dosage :

3 x 2 capsules a day

3 x 1 capsules a day for child under 12 years

For preventing suggested drink on box per month in order not to become acrust

For medical treatment drink 3 boxs minimally regularly and continuosly suggesting

Siapa saja yang perlu minum jamu ini ?

-          Para perokok aktif dan pasif

-          Para pekerja dengan jam malam agar tidak paru-paru basah

-          Lingkungan yang polusi udaranya buruk dan kotor

Who need to drink this herb ?

-          Active and passive smoker

-          Worker in the night in order not to get pleuristy

-          Worker in the factory that has high pollution

Selama minum jamu ini dianjurkan minum air putih hangat yang banyak sebelum dan sesudah bangun tidur agar mempermudah pembuangan pembuangan racun-racunnya. Anjuran jangan minum es selama minum jamu ini.

During drinking this herb, please drink much mineral water before and after getting up in order to throw poisons easily. Dont drink ice during drink this herb.

Composition: – Andrographidis Herba 40% – Clerodendron Serratum 40% – Zingiberis Rhizoma 10% – Zingiberis Officinale Rhizoma 10% – others 100%

PRODUCED BY :

QOLBUN SALIM INDONESIA

INDONESIA

Isi/netto : 24 capsules

*name of the product is not associated with any religion.